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| My Darling Clementine (1946) | |
| Background
The film's screenplay, by Samuel G. Engel, Sam Hellman and Winston Miller, was taken in part from the 1931 novel Wyatt Earp, Frontier Marshal by Stuart N. Lake. Although the book claims to be an accurate account of Earp (an historical, heroic Western character) and of the legendary O.K. Corral incident from the US past - it imaginatively includes a number of fabrications. Ford's film similarly retells the violent episode of the gunfight-shootout at the O.K. Corral (an actual historical event that occurred on the afternoon of October 26, 1881), the story of the duel between two families - the good one represented by the Earps and the notorious one represented by the Clanton family. Films based upon this incident and Wyatt Earp had already been made many times earlier:
The film's theme is the coming of civilization to the West. The western town of Tombstone becomes in Ford's poetic film the point where savage forces (the wild countryside, the rugged Monument Valley backdrops, the brutish Clantons, the Mexican whore Chihuahua) and civilized forces (the urban barber shop, dining room, the new church and school, the 'respectable' Earps, Doc Holliday's cultivated Bostonian learning, Clementine the schoolmarm) meet. Henry Fonda, a superb character actor, portrays the life of the legendary Wyatt Earp, an independent, drifter cowboy and ex-marshal who becomes a responsible lawman. The development of his personal life from a scruffy cowpoke in the first scenes to a dignified, well-groomed Marshal parallels the civilizing of the town of Tombstone - from a rough frontier outpost (with raucous saloons) to a civilized, law and order community settlement (with a church, a school and new schoolmarm, and even a traveling Shakespearean actor). The StoryThe credits play on wooden placards which each come into view by a twist of the signpost where they are attached, while the familiar ballad 'Oh My Darlin' Clementine' is sung by a cowboy chorus. The setting is Arizona in the year 1882. The four Earp brothers, Wyatt (Henry Fonda), Morgan (Ward Bond), Virgil (Tim Holt), and the youngest James (Don Garner) are driving a small herd of cattle west to California near the small, wild town of Tombstone, Arizona. Each of the brothers is introduced by a low-angle medium shot: first James, and the last Wyatt. On the side of the trail, a buckboard appears with Old Man Clanton (Walter Brennan) and his oldest son Ike (Grant Withers), part of the notorious Clanton outlaw clan. To complete the film's symmetrical structure, both the opening and closing of the film present confrontations between the Clantons and the Earps. In an ominous meeting, the two groups size each other up - foreshadowing their eventual shootout. Clanton visits with the bearded, scruffy Wyatt, while Ike sits mute and expressionless in the buckboard next to him. The old man offers to buy Wyatt's cattle, as the camera views Earp from more low-angled closeups:
The three older brothers eat their supper at their campsite, teasing their youngest brother James about his solid silver cross medal ("twenty-five American dollars worth of solid silver") that he plans to take to his blonde sweetheart Cory Sue for an impending marriage. Then, they leave the cattle for James to mind and mount up, riding off to spend the evening in Tombstone for shaves and glasses of beer. As the younger brother watches them leave, he calls out their names, with the camera lingering on his face:
When they arrive at the uncivilized Tombstone under a darkened, turbulent sky, they discover it is the "wide-open town" that Old Man Clanton had promised - a rough, raw, lawless and chaotic, sinful hellhole, filled with bustling, raucous saloons. The brothers first enter the Bon Ton Tonsorial Parlor, "the barber shop" according to Wyatt, and he settles into the newly-purchased barber's chair in front of the white-coated attendant for a "shave." When asked what they are doing, Wyatt answers: "Just cattlemen, passing through here. Shave please." [Wyatt's first stop in Tombstone, the barber shop, is an indication of his latent tendencies toward civilization and the establishment of a community.] His shave is interrupted by gunshots that narrowly miss him and shatter the mirror in the shop. When the barber flees, Wyatt, a law-and-order man, expresses his exasperation with the situation, "What kind of a town is this? Barber?" while walking outside with his face still lathered up and carrying his barber's sheet. Dance-hall girls run screaming from the Oriental Saloon across the street [later in the film after some long establishing shots, the saloon is nowhere to be seen across the street] where a reckless, drunken Indian Charlie (Charles Stevens), a symbol of the wildness of Tombstone, shoots his gun into the air. Luke (Harry Woods), the town's Marshal, resigns and turns in his badge to the town's Mayor (Roy Roberts) rather than face the source of the gunshots: "I ain't commitin' suicide on myself." Wyatt steps into the crowd and again asks:
When the marshal turns and leaves, Wyatt is exasperated that no one will confront the drunk and take charge. Disgusted and still lathered up, he hands his barber sheet to the Mayor, picks up a heavy rock, enters the saloon through the second story window, successfully pursues and subdues the Indian, and then drags the unconscious man by his heels out into the street, where the townspeople have been witnessing the quick dispatch of the man. He repeats his question one more time to everyone: "What kind of a town is this anyway? Selling liquor to Indians." He runs the Indian out of town: "Indian - get out of town and stay out!" The mayor offers Wyatt the marshal's position for $200 a month (and then adds $50 more), but he declines: "Not interested. I'm just passin' through tryin' to get me a relaxin' little shave." Wyatt calls out for the barber in the crowd to continue his shave: "Hey Mr. Bon Ton. Shave please." When he identifies himself as Wyatt Earp, the mayor knows of his reputation:
When they return to their campsite in the rain, they find their younger brother killed, lying face down on the wet ground, and their cattle herd is stolen. Wyatt returns to town, wakes up the mayor, and offers to take the Marshal's job immediately to tame the community of Tombstone [its name symbolizes death], bring decency to the wild land, and seek revenge - legally - for the killing:
Then, Wyatt asks about the town's sources of power:
In the next scene as he leaves the hotel where the mayor lives, Wyatt comes face-to-face a second time with Old Man Clanton and his clan who are coming in from the rain. In a series of confrontational closeups, he tells them of the cattle rustling and implies in a subtle exchange that his duty as newly-appointed Marshal is to find his brother's murderers. They scoff at the idea of a Marshal in Tombstone until they learn his name, setting themselves up for the inevitable conflict:
Alone, Wyatt buries his brother out by their campsite, not in Tombstone's cemetery. He marks the gravesite with a tombstone engraved: "JAMES EARP, BORN 1864, DIED 1882." In a touching gravesite scene against a Monument Valley backdrop, he solemnly speaks to his dead kid brother, promising him that he will consecrate himself to restoring order for future generations. He also appeals to their unseen father (Pa):
As newly-appointed law enforcer, Wyatt is interested in gathering evidence to prove that the Clantons murdered his brother and stole their cattle. In the town's saloon while Earp plays poker, a hot-blooded Mexican dance-hall girl named Chihuahua (Linda Darnell) tries to distract him, putting her leg up on the table, and then shortly later, singing to him:
To one of his poker playing partners, a professional gambler he calls Mr. Gambler (Earle Foxe), Wyatt relates his love of poker:
Sensing that Chihuahua has been "increasing the odds" against him, he drags her outside and threatens her, mistaking her for an Apache Indian:
When he returns to his game, saloon chief "Doc" Holliday (Victor Mature) makes a dramatic entrance by striding into the saloon. The reactions of the poker players to his entrance signal his domineering authority and presence. The hands of the professional gambler pause on his winnings, and then he quickly tries to collect the money before Doc marches over to the poker table. Holliday asserts his authority over "Mr. Gambler" by knocking his hat off and ordering the professional gambler out of town. An oppressive silence falls over the saloon as Holliday walks back to the end of the cleared-out bar and stands alone. The poker game is quickly curtailed while Wyatt complains: "Sure is a hard town for a fella to have a quiet game of poker in." The Marshal scoops his poker chips into his hat (which he puts on), and then walks down the saloon bar toward Doc. Unaffected by Holliday's presence, Wyatt joins him at the end of the bar. As they look each other over and size each other up, they both know each others' reputations. Holliday challenges the new Marshal's authority in the town known for death and the "biggest graveyard west of the Rockies":
As his "guest," Holliday firmly insists that Earp have a glass of champagne rather than a standard whiskey shot. By accepting the champagne drink, Wyatt somehow acknowledges and accepts Holliday's power, and things become more relaxed in the saloon. |
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My
Darling Clementine (1946) is one of the greatest classic Westerns
of all time, directed by one of Hollywood's most honored directors,
John Ford. This film foreshadowed other great, more complex westerns
that Ford would later direct -