Nashville (1975) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Background
Nashville (1975) is maverick director/producer Robert Altman's classic, multi-level, original, two and a half-hour epic study of American culture, show-business, leadership and politics - and one of the great American films of the 1970s. It advertised itself as:
Its emergence at the end of two troubling eras (Watergate and the Vietnam War) and on the eve of the country's Bicentennial celebrations signaled that it was commenting upon the confused state of American society. Its free-flowing narrative (from a screenplay by screenwriter Joan Tewkesbury) revealed the shallowness of American life - political emptiness and show-business commercialism are equated. One of its taglines reflected this:
Underneath the drama about the country-western music business and the election campaign of an unseen, independent (populist) party candidate, the multi-faceted, beautifully-structured film is an ensemble piece, a rich mosaic and a complex tapestry. It tells the free-form, explosive tragic-comedic tale of the inter-twined (and colliding) lives of twenty-four protagonists during a five day (long weekend) period in Nashville, Tennessee (the "Athens of the South") - the capital of country music and a microcosmic representation of all society. The fund-raising rally is to be held at the Parthenon in Nashville [the replica of the Greek Parthenon, a symbol of democracy, was erected in 1876 for the nation's first centenary]. A poster for the film described the venue's contradictions:
During the weekend, both a music festival and political
rally bring together the protagonists in random fashion -- they express
their hopes, dishonest intentions, dreams, and frustrated lives.
There are Nashville residents, civic leaders, populist politicians
and their frontmen, singing stars and managers, wannabes, reporters,
fans, and other drifters, hangers-on, and misfits, who move through
various locales including the Grand Ole Opry itself, the airport,
the freeway, recording studios, parking lots, motel and hospital
rooms, private homes, and nightclubs. Individuals have come with
different agendas - love-making, a shot at stardom or political advancement,
aspirations within the music business, and longing desperation, to
name just a few of their motivations in this exhilarating film:
The characters play seemingly-naturalistic vignettes of their lives - and there are two cameos of actors playing themselves (Julie Christie and Elliott Gould) and ex-ABC television newscaster Howard K. Smith plays himself during a broadcast. Everything in the kaleidoscopic film builds to its shattering conclusion, as the assorted characters assemble together and witness a shocking onstage assassination at the Parthenon - foreshadowed by multiple clues in earlier scenes. It was one of a number of films in the late 60s and 70s that used country music as a backdrop, i.e., Bonnie and Clyde (1967), Five Easy Pieces (1970), Frankenheimer's I Walk the Line (1970) with five Johnny Cash tunes, and Daryl Duke's Payday (1972) about the last hours in the life of a country music performer. The film's screenplay by Joan Tewkesbury is rendered as a quasi-documentary film by Altman, with realistic C & W music (twenty-seven songs appear in the film - many of them were written by the actors and/or cast members). It can be interpreted that real C&W stars are represented by the fictional characters:
Hallmarks of Altman's aural and visual style are evident everywhere - overlapping dialogue, life-like improvised roles and ensemble acting, multiple means of communication to connect the characters (phone calls, tape recordings, radio and TV, and P.A. announcements), a continuously moving camera, long takes, and imaginative sound and film editing. The bicentennial film was the recipient of five Academy Award nominations - Best Director, Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress (2) (Ronee Blakely and Lily Tomlin), with its only win for Best Song ("I'm Easy", sung by Keith Carradine). When backing from United Artists fell apart, Altman was able to find independent financing for the film through Paramount and ABC. But the film was so long that there was talk of releasing it as two features: Nashville Red and Nashville Blue. For authenticity, many members of the cast wrote and performed their own country-western songs:
The Story The credits are in the mocking style of a fast-talking, hard-sell television commercial for an album of the performances and the country songs of "twenty-four of your very favorite stars." A spinning record album filled with the flashing hand-drawn faces of the stars, a rolling scroll of hit song titles (moving down the right side of the screen) and actors (in alphabetical order moving up the left side of the screen), and the huckster's voice - all hype the opening credits:
Day One (Friday): The film opens with the sliding up of the garishly-decorated garage door of the Tennessee State Headquarters of the independent (Replacement Party) candidate Hal Phillip Walker. One of the signs adorns the garage exterior: "Walker - Talker - Sleeper." Other signs read: "NO PARKING TODAY." Walker's presidential campaign truck - red, white, and blue - departs in the early morning to sell the politician to the people. The slogan for the party is "New Roots For the Nation" and his campaign represents anti-establishment, anti-bureaucracy politics. His earnest, pre-recorded voice blares from the loud-speakers atop the van as it delivers the candidate's political platform. The vehicle leaves the garage and joins traffic in the main street - where other signs and billboards (highway routing signs, a Mini-Adult cinema, and a large orange billboard for The Bank) compete for attention:
The scene dissolves, with a militaristic soundtrack leading the way, to the interior of a country-western recording studio, where Haven Hamilton (Henry Gibson) is in a recording session in a sound booth, wearing microphones over his toupee while singing a doom-and-gloom, solemn, mock-patriotic, jingoistic, Bicentennial song: "200 Years." The inspirational lyrics are half-sung and half-spoken, and sung with the uncertain refrain: "We must be doin' somethin' right to last 200 years." [Red, white and blue technical credits are displayed during the song.]
Haven's back-up musicians are visible through one side of the glassed-in sound booth, and the stratified reflections of other observers in the center of the room display a multi-layered effect. The short-statured, middle-aged Haven, who throughout the film is always dressed in white with rhinestones and gaudy designs, is distracted by the unauthorized entrance into the control room audience of a BBC journalist Opal (Geraldine Chaplin), a flea-market dressed, tattered, nit-wit, opinionated reporter who is "doing a documentary on Nashville" and lugging a tape recorder at her side. After the interruption and halt in the recording, the egotistical Haven asks for a second song to begin, adding:
Juxtaposed to this studio is the one adjoining it, where Haven's friendly business manager/son Buddy (David Peel) escorts Opal - following his father's orders. A black gospel choir, led enthusiastically by amateur white gospel singer Linnea Reese (Lily Tomlin), raucously hand-claps and rocks to the rhythm of the lively spiritual "Yes I Do." "Part of them is from Fisk University here in town." Linnea is the wife of the local attorney named Delbert. Opal asks: "Is she a missionary?" and then opines, in her typically inane way, and exaggerates the extent to which the black singers are tribalistic:
Pompously, Haven wrathfully berates his piano player Frog (Richard Baskin, the film's musical director): "You get your haircut. You don't belong in Nashville." The film cuts to the "WELCOME TO NASHVILLE" sign above the airport, accompanied by loud band music. Self-important individuals (civic leaders with ribbons on their lapels) are admitted through security and march toward the camera. The Nashville Metro airport is a scene awash with marching bands, live newcasters, security police, twirlers, the Chamber of Commerce and an adoring crowd of fans for the arrival of Barbara Jean (Ronee Blakely in her film debut), the reigning lady of country-western music, who "has been away for special treatment at the Baltimore Burn Center" following an accident. A newscaster from WNGE- channel 2 on special assignment is framed on a TV camera's monitor. The camera pans to the right where he is announcing the arrival live. In unlikely combinations, elements from the film come together. The Walker sound track pulls up in front of the airport, trailing a low-riding, three-wheeling, biker - the Tricycle Man (Jeff Goldblum). The loudspeaker drones Walker's voice once again, sounding a warning call to the people:
On his way to the airport's coffee shop, the Tricycle Man parks and walks by a red-jacketed chauffeur named Norman (David Arkin) who stands attentively by his black limousine - he is there to pick up members of a popular performing rock/folk group "Tom, Bill, and Mary". The Tricycle Man performs a magic disappearing trick with his multi-colored scarf on his way into the airport. In the cafe, Nashville resident Mr. Green (Keenan Wynn), who has an ailing wife in the hospital, orders from dim-witted, red-haired waitress Sueleen Gay (Gwen Welles). At the end of the counter, the ubiquitous Tricycle Man/magician privately amuses himself with another sleight-of-hand trick: he removes the saltshaker cap, pours salt into his left hand fist, lifts both hands and waves the salt goodbye, then grabs thin air with his right fist and distributes salt on his salad. Wade (Robert Do'Qui), a black cafe dishwasher, watches in astonishment and tells friend Sueleen:
An aspiring country performer, the simple-minded Sueleen volunteers her tone-deaf, amateurish singing talent: "I wrote me this real hot song. You wanna hear it? It's called: 'I Never Get Enough.'"
Linnea's plump and sweaty lawyer-husband Delbert (Ned Beatty) is also at the airport in the cafe where he has heard Sueleen singing [Three days later, he will encounter her singing in a more intimate way]. In the airport corridor, Delbert mistakes a stranger for John Triplette (Michael Murphy), Hal Phillip Walker's blue-suited, advance man and presidential campaign manager. To the right of the frame is a statuesque, spindly, tall young woman, there to meet her uncle. Triplette is there as a talent coordinator to recruit talented Nashville stars to appear on the stage at a Walker fund-raising political rally at the Nashville Parthenon in a few days: "I like the idea of bands." As they talk together, they block the walkway for passengers which include members of a popular rock group called "Tom, Bill, and Mary" (Keith Carradine, Allan Nicholls, and Cristina Raines) and free soul L.A. Joan "Martha" (Shelley Duvall), Mr. Green's niece who is visiting from California. The rock group's first record is displayed on the airport newstand, and Bill is amazed by its prominence. He comments to his wife Mary: "Do you believe this? They have our album here" - but sales aren't too promising. The airport music counter attendant explains: "We sell mostly country here." Bill also spots one of Hal Phillip Walker's bumper-stickers pasted across the bust of an oversized black and white photograph of another country western star - Connie White (Karen Black), the second runner-up to Barbara Jean - he is motivated to make a dumb joke:
Haven Hamilton, Bud, and Hamilton's mistress/consort, purple-clothed Lady Pearl (Barbara Baxley) drive up in a open, white Jeep, emblazoned with the Hamilton insignia: a horseshoe and two H initials. Haven is there - self-appointed as the town's unofficial greeter. Kept back in the airport is military-uniformed Pfc. Glenn Kelly (Scott Glenn), whose mother rescued Barbara Jean from the fire. After Barbara Jean's white jet (with her name written in huge, scrolly blue letters on its side) taxis to a halt, her husband/manager Barnett (Allen Garfield) appears exasperated with the pressures put upon him. Exuding charm and respectability, Haven begins the festivities by introducing his amiable son Buddy to the crowd:
Barbara Jean, wearing a long-flowing virginal dress, is escorted off the small jet plane. As she proceeds to the podium, she is upstaged by a gigantic American Airlines jet which taxis from left to right behind her. She is welcomed to the podium, presented with white flowers, a rousing band number, flag-waving twirlers from the Tennessee Twirling Institute, and a very young girl with another bouquet of a dozen red roses. With a warm and sincere smile, she speaks to a small crowd of well-wishers who are part of the crass, sexist, pretentious, and commercialistic trappings of her profession. Her real, reverential fans (including trance-like Kelly and Sueleen) are kept behind locked airport doors for security's sake:
The fragile, farm-girl singer faints and collapses on her way into the airport to see her true supporters. In the airport parking lot, the Walker van's loudspeaker spouting empty myths is heard in the background as the protagonists move to their cars:
Vehicles representing the characters struggle with each other to exit. Bill and Mary are with the chauffeur loading their limousine. The third member of the folk trio, easy-going and narcissistic Tom, leaves with a bunch of young women in a flower-decorated VW bug. Delbert and Triplette, Mr. Green and L.A. Joan, and Wade and Sueleen leave together. The mechanical arm of the parking lot exit can't keep up with the non-stop line of exiting automobiles and is cracked off at its hinges. The WNGE reporter wraps up his sanitized report at the airport gate, while unbeknownst to him, a proselytizing Walker supporter with a gleaming toothpaste smile holds up a poster for her candidate behind him - - until a security guard (off-screen) pulls her out of the frame. |